Since the start of the Libyan and Syrian civil wars in 2011, European policy towards North Africa has stepped up another gear. вЂThey get tired, they want to leave,вЂ™ he said of the European forces, as if their arrival was a nuisance rather than a paradigm shift.

At a makeshift cafГ© in a petrol station on the outskirts of Ghat I met a Tuareg man associated with a local militia. (When GaddafiвЂ™s son was released from prison two years ago, the citizens of Ghat celebrated in the streets with gunfire.) For others, new electronic fences, biometric scanning stations, military outposts and an increasing number of European soldiers are signs that delicate circuits of kinship and commerce are being disrupted. For some, it is the promise of a better livelihood: to get their share of the vast amount of money the EU is now pouring into North Africa, or at least to recoup the losses that followed NatoвЂ™s destruction of GaddafiвЂ™s distribution networks. The traders, militiamen, shop owners and tour operators here have a range of views about EuropeвЂ™s rekindled interest in their region. In Ghat, one of the last Libyan towns in the Fezzan before the desert takes over, there are vestiges of efforts to bring the land to order: Bedouin trails that date from the Middle Ages a rough-hewn fortress, started by the Ottomans and finished by Italian Fascists, that overlooks the hollowed-out ruins of a medina below. There have, however, been attempts, over the centuries, to govern it. T he SaharaвЂ‹ is one of the few places on earth no one has been foolish enough to try to conquer.

Long war 2 continent bonuses